Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a popular technology for wastewater treatment due to their high here removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely implemented in MBR systems owing to their inherent resistance to fouling, chemical stabilit

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are gaining popularity in wastewater treatment due to their ability to produce high-quality effluent. A key factor influencing MBR output is the selection and optimization of the membrane module. The configuration of the module, including the type of membrane material,